Early menopause has been linked to a higher risk of lung diseases and poor health outcomes among smokers, according to a recent study published on June 13 in Thorax.
A study led by Dr. Xiaochun Gai from the University of New Mexico School of Medicine examined whether early menopause caused by surgery impacts lung health and if menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) offers protection against lung diseases. Data from 69,706 postmenopausal women were analyzed.
It was found that early menopause is linked to a higher risk of most lung diseases and death in smokers. The highest risk was observed for respiratory-related deaths (hazard ratio, 1.98) in women who had both ovaries removed (bilateral oophorectomy, BO). There was also a positive link between early menopause and chronic bronchitis and death from all causes, noncancer causes, and respiratory issues in non-smokers who underwent natural menopause or BO. The highest risk was again seen for BO (respiratory mortality: hazard ratio, 1.91). Regardless of smoking status, the use of MHT was associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes, noncancer causes, and cardiovascular issues. For smokers, MHT use was linked to a lower risk of nonovarian cancer, lung cancer, and respiratory mortality. Additionally, the protective effect of MHT against death was stronger with longer duration of use.
The authors of the study emphasize that smokers with early menopause should be encouraged to quit smoking and undergo lung cancer screening, regardless of the type of menopause they experienced.
Understanding Early Menopause and Its Health Impact
Early menopause occurs when a woman’s menstrual periods stop before the age of 45. This can happen naturally or due to surgery (such as the removal of ovaries). The causes include genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, and certain medical treatments. Symptoms of early menopause include irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, and mood changes.
Lung diseases are conditions that affect the lungs and make it difficult to breathe. Common lung diseases include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Symptoms of lung diseases can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Treatment for lung diseases depends on the specific condition but often includes medications to open airways, reduce inflammation, and fight infections. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet are also important. For some women, MHT can help manage symptoms of menopause and may offer additional health benefits.
Key Insights:
- Early menopause is linked to a higher risk of lung diseases and poor health outcomes in smokers.
- The highest risk of respiratory-related deaths was found in women who had both ovaries removed.
- Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) was associated with reduced risks of death from all causes, noncancer causes, and cardiovascular issues.
- Smokers with early menopause should be targeted for smoking cessation and lung cancer screening.
Source:
Thorax Journal, June 13 Study by Dr. Xiaochun Gai and colleagues from the University of New Mexico School of Medicine