Even a moderate amount of weight loss can significantly reduce levels of circulating estrogens that are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, revealed by researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.
“Based on previous research, our results suggest that losing just 5 percent or more of one’s weight could cut by a quarter to a half the risk for the most common, estrogen-sensitive breast cancers,” said Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Hutchinson Center’s Prevention Center and a member of its Public Health Sciences Division. McTiernan cautions that these findings only apply to overweight or obese women who are not taking hormone-replacement therapy.
Epidemiologists have long noted a link between obesity and increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. A relationship between body fat and estrogen production is thought to contribute to this risk.
The study was based on data from 439 overweight-to-obese, sedentary, Seattle-area women, ages 50 to 75, who were randomly assigned to one of four groups: exercise only (mainly brisk walking), diet only, exercise plus diet and no intervention. At the end of the study, participants on the diet-only and diet-plus-exercise arms lost an average of 10 percent of their starting weight, which was the goal of the intervention.
The study measured the effects of diet- and exercise-related weight loss on blood levels of several types of sex hormones, including three forms of estrogen (estrone, estradiol and free estradiol); two types of testosterone (total testosterone and free testosterone); a steroid necessary for the production of sex hormones (androstenedione) and sex hormone binding globulin, or SHBG, a protein that binds to sex hormones and therefore makes them less biologically active. High levels of SHBG are associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Free estradiol and free testosterone are forms of the hormones that are not bound to SHBG and therefore are more biologically active.
At the end of the study, the researchers found significant reductions in hormone levels among the women who received the dietary weight loss intervention, with the most striking results among those who both dieted and exercised:
– Estrone levels decreased 9.6 percent with diet and 11.1 percent with diet plus exercise.
– Estradiol levels decreased 16.2 percent with diet and 20.3 percent with diet plus exercise.
– Free-estradiol levels decreased 21.4 percent with diet and 26 percent with diet plus exercise.
– SHBG levels increased 22.4 percent with diet and 25.8 percent with diet plus exercise.
– Free-testosterone levels decreased 10 percent with diet and 15.6 percent with diet plus exercise.
The researchers found that losing as little as 5 percent of one’s total body weight had a beneficial impact on hormone levels, and the effect increased with the amount of weight lost.
This is the first study to show that losing weight through a healthy diet that included reducing calories, reducing fat and increasing vegetables, fruits and fiber significantly lowers blood estrogen levels in postemenopausal women, McTiernan said. “This shows that it’s never too late to make lifestyle changes to reduce your risk for breast cancer.”
Source: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA